Longevity
Thymosin Alpha 1
Immunity
28
Amino acids
Molecular weight
Peptide
Type
Thymosin Alpha-1 (TA-1) is a naturally occurring 28-amino acid peptide derived from the thymus that modulates and restores immune function. It acts as a TLR2/TLR9 agonist on dendritic cells, driving T-cell maturation, NK cell activation, and balanced cytokine production. The synthetic form, Thymalfasin (Zadaxin), is approved in over 35 countries for chronic hepatitis B and is used clinically to address immunodeficiency, sepsis, and cancer.
Top researched benefits
Overview of Thymosin Alpha 1
Thymosin Alpha-1 binds Toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR9 on myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, triggering downstream activation of T-cell differentiation into CD4+/CD8+ subsets, elevating IFN-gamma, IL-2, and IL-12 production, and enhancing NK cell cytotoxicity. This pleiotropic signaling simultaneously up-regulates protective immune responses and modulates regulatory T-cells to reduce excessive inflammation.
immunity
- FDA orphan designation for DiGeorge syndrome; restores T-cell function.
- Improved antibody responses in elderly and hemodialysis patients (H1N1, COVID-19).
- Restores CD4+ counts and reduces opportunistic infections.
inflammation
- Reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 by 40-60%.
- Enhanced antiviral efficacy when combined with interferon.
- Helps manage inflammatory autoimmune conditions.
recovery
- Restores immune function after surgical stress.
- Manages immune suppression from intense training.
antiaging
- Supports thymus gland function with aging.
- Delays age-related immune decline in elderly populations.
Typical Dose
1.6mg per injection
Frequency
twice weekly
Cycle Duration
6–12 months depending on indication
Storage
Lyophilized: store below -18°C long-term or 2–8°C short-term, keep desiccated. Reconstituted: refrigerate at 2–8°C and use within 7 days; do not freeze reconstituted peptide.
Chemical Makeup
Key benefits
Restores CD4+/CD8+ T-cell counts and thymic output in immunocompromised patients, including those post-chemotherapy or with HIV/AIDS
Reduces all-cause sepsis mortality by approximately 9% through enhanced innate and adaptive immune coordination
Approved treatment for chronic hepatitis B, with clinical evidence of viral load reduction and liver function improvement
Enhances vaccine immunogenicity in elderly and immunosenescent populations, improving antibody response to influenza and other antigens
Community interest
This peptide is still gaining traction in the community.
TLR2/9 Immunomodulator | Immune Restoration & Longevity
This overview is informational and based on aggregated descriptions from studies and user reports.
Was it helpful?YesNoThymosin Alpha 1 Molecular Information
View the scientifc details of Thymosin Alpha 1.
28
Amino Acids
Thymosin Alpha 1
Ser
Ser
Position 1
Asp
Asp
Position 2
Ala
Ala
Position 3
Ala
Ala
Position 4
Val
Val
Position 5
Asp
Asp
Position 6
Thr
Thr
Position 7
Ser
Ser
Position 8
Ser
Ser
Position 9
Glu
Glu
Position 10
Ile
Ile
Position 11
Thr
Thr
Position 12
Thr
Thr
Position 13
Lys
Lys
Position 14
Asp
Asp
Position 15
Leu
Leu
Position 16
Lys
Lys
Position 17
Glu
Glu
Position 18
Lys
Lys
Position 19
Lys
Lys
Position 20
Glu
Glu
Position 21
Val
Val
Position 22
Val
Val
Position 23
Glu
Glu
Position 24
Glu
Glu
Position 25
Ala
Ala
Position 26
Glu
Glu
Position 27
Asn
Asn
Position 28
Molecular Weight
3108.28DaChain Length
28Amino AcidsType
PeptideThymosin Alpha 1 Protocols
Subcutaneous injection is the primary and best-validated delivery route for Thymosin Alpha-1, underpinning all major clinical trials for hepatitis B/C, cancer immunotherapy, sepsis, and immune optimization. Injections are administered into the lower abdomen, outer thigh, or upper arm, with site rotation recommended to prevent lipohypertrophy.
| Goal | Dosage | Frequency | Route |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sustain Th1/Th2 immune balance and prevent recurring infections during ongoing therapy | 1.6 | 2 week range | SubQ |
| Reduce viral replication and support antiviral T-cell response in chronic hepatitis B infection | 1.6 | 2 week range | SubQ |
| Augment antiviral response and support interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis C management | 1.6 | 2 week range | SubQ |
| Enhance natural killer cell and T-cell activity as an adjunct to conventional cancer treatment | 1.6 | 2 week range | SubQ |
| Rapidly upregulate IL-2 and IFN-gamma signaling during severe acute infection or sepsis | 1.6 | 2 day range | SubQ |
| Support long-term immune resilience, reduce oxidative stress, and improve CD4/CD8 ratios with chronic low-dose therapy | 1 | 3 week range | SubQ |
| Assess individual tolerance and immune response before advancing to a standard maintenance dosing schedule | 0.8 | 3 week range | SubQ |
| Modulate dysregulated immune signaling during an active autoimmune flare to reduce symptom severity | 1.6 | 2 week range | SubQ |
Reconstitution Instructions
Materials needed:
Steps to reconstitute
- Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before handling any materials.
- Wipe the rubber stopper of the Thymosin Alpha-1 vial with an alcohol swab and allow it to air-dry for 30 seconds.
- Draw bacteriostatic water into a sterile syringe — for a 5mg vial, draw 2.5mL to achieve a 2mg/mL concentration; for a 10mg vial, draw 2mL to achieve 5mg/mL.
- Insert the syringe needle through the rubber stopper at an angle so the tip rests against the inner glass wall of the vial — do not aim the tip directly at the powder.
- Depress the plunger slowly so the water trickles down the vial wall onto the powder — never force water directly onto the lyophilized cake, as this causes foaming and protein aggregation.
- Gently swirl or roll the vial between your palms until the powder fully dissolves and the solution appears completely clear and colorless. Do not shake.
- Inspect the solution — discard if cloudy or if visible particles are present.
- Label the vial with the peptide name, concentration, and reconstitution date.
- Store the reconstituted vial in the refrigerator at 2–8°C immediately. Do not freeze. Use within 21–28 days.
- To inject: clean the chosen site with an alcohol swab and let it dry completely.
- Pinch approximately one inch of skin at the injection site and insert the needle at a 45–90 degree angle into subcutaneous adipose tissue (4–6mm depth).
- Inject slowly over 5–10 seconds, withdraw the needle, and apply light pressure with a clean swab. Rotate to a different site for the next dose.
Thymosin Alpha 1 Cycle
The Thymosin Alpha 1 Cycle section explains how long a typical cycle lasts and what to expect during each phase. Over time, your body can become less responsive with continuous use.
Taking breaks between cycles may help maintain effectiveness and support better overall results.
- Week 1-2
- Initial immune system activation
- Week 2-6
- Enhanced immune function, reduced infection risk
- Week 6-12
- Maximum immunomodulatory benefits
- Week 0-0
- Sustained immune support with continued use
Dosing tools
Thymosin Alpha 1 Peptide Dosage Calculator
Calculate peptide doses with our visual syringe guide.
mg
Enter the total amount of peptide in the vial in milligrams (as stated on the label).
The dose you want to inject per administration, in mcg or mg.
1,000 mcg = 1 mg
1 mL
2 mL
3 mL
5 mL
Custom
Volume of bacteriostatic water you add to reconstitute the powder. Use BAC water for preservation.
Injection Results
Based on your vial and dilution inputs.
Thymosin Alpha 1
SINGLE COMPOUNDVolume per injection
0.05
mL
Concentration
10.00
mg/mL
Doses per vial
20
doses
Total injections per vial
20 injections
How it works
Based on a 10 mg Thymosin Alpha 1 vial diluted with 1 mL of bacteriostatic water, each 500 mcg injection equals 0.05 mL.
1mL / 100 units
5 units
0.050 mL
Reference Guide
Dosing Cycle
- Peptide
- Thymosin Alpha 1
- Dosing
- 1.6mg per injection
- Dosing Frequency
- twice weekly
- Cycle Duration
- 6–12 months depending on indication
- Storage
- Lyophilized: store below -18°C long-term or 2–8°C short-term, keep desiccated. Reconstituted: refrigerate at 2–8°C and use within 7 days; do not freeze reconstituted peptide.
Note: Triple agonist; microdose for fewer side effects
Reconstitution Tips
- Use bacteriostatic water (BAC) — contains 0.9% benzyl alcohol for preservation
- Inject water slowly — aim down the vial wall, not directly onto powder
- Never shake — gently swirl or roll the vial until dissolved
- Store properly — refrigerate at 2-8°C after reconstitution
- Use within 28 days — most reconstituted peptides remain stable for about 4 weeks
- Keep sterile — always clean vial tops with alcohol before drawing
Side effects
Contraindications
Organ transplant recipients (risk of graft rejection)
Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Stop signs
Signs of graft rejection in transplant recipients
Persistent injection site reactions or infection signs
Unusual immune system hyperactivity
Severe allergic reactions (rare)
Bad signs
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Frequently asked questions
What is a peptide dosage calculator?
A peptide dosage calculator is a free tool that converts your vial size, bacteriostatic water volume, and target dose into an exact syringe draw volume. Instead of doing the reconstitution math by hand, you enter three inputs and instantly get the concentration of your solution and how many milliliters or syringeunits to draw. This calculator works for single peptide compounds and multi-peptide blends.
How do I calculate peptide dosage from a vial?
To calculate your peptide dose, divide the total peptide content of your vial in micrograms by the volume of bacteriostatic water you added in milliliters. This gives you your solution concentration in mcg/mL. Then divide your target dose by that concentration to get your draw volume. For example, a 5mg (5,000 mcg) vial reconstituted with 2mL of BAC water gives a concentration of 2,500 mcg/mL. A 250 mcg dose would require drawing 0.1mL. This calculator automates all of those steps instantly.
How much Bacteriostatic water should I add to a peptide vial?
Most people add 2mL to 3mL of bacteriostatic water per vial, but the right amount depends on the dose you want to draw and the syringe size you are using. Adding 1mL to a 5mg vial gives you a concentration of 5,000 mcg/mL, making each dose very small in volume. Adding 2mL gives you 2,500 mcg/mL, which is easier to measure on a standard insulin syringe. A general guideline is to choose a volume that puts your typical dose somewhere between 10 and 30 units on a U-100 syringe. Use the calculator above to test different water volumes and find what works for your dose.
How are peptides different from proteins?
Both are made of amino acids, but peptides are much smaller than proteins. Because of their tiny size, peptides can act like tiny messengers in the body, sending specific signals to your cells to tell them exactly what to do.
Thymosin Alpha 1Research References
Thymosin Alpha 1 is an approved compound
Thymosin Alpha 1
Thymosin Alpha 1 is an approved compound
COVID-19 Treatment Study
30% vs 11% mortality reduction in severe cases; lymphocyte restoration.
2020
TESTS Phase 3 Sepsis Trial
1,106 patients; mixed overall results but subgroup benefits in elderly/diabetic populations.
2020
Cytokine Storm Mitigation Study
40-60% reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6).
2020
Comprehensive Safety Review
11,000+ patients, 30+ trials; <1% serious adverse events.
2024
Calculate peptide dosages
Learning how to calculate a peptide dose? Use our beginner-friendly peptide dosage, blend, and accumulation calculators. Enter vial size, reconstitution volume, and target dose to get exact draw volumes instantly. No guesswork, just clear guidance that helps prevent common mistakes.
