Longevity
SS-31
Metabolic
0
Amino acids
Molecular weight
Peptide
Type
SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a synthetic mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide with the sequence D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2. It selectively accumulates on the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it binds cardiolipin to stabilize cristae architecture, reduce oxidative stress, and restore ATP production. It is used in research and clinical contexts targeting heart failure, mitochondrial myopathies, age-related degeneration, and ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Top researched benefits
Overview of SS-31
SS-31 binds with high affinity to cardiolipin, an anionic phospholipid on the inner mitochondrial membrane, inhibiting cytochrome c peroxidase activity and preventing cardiolipin peroxidation during oxidative stress. This stabilizes respiratory supercomplexes, reduces electron leakage from the electron transport chain, and restores mitochondrial ATP synthesis efficiency.
mitochondrial
- Optimizes electron transport chain function for improved cellular energy.
- Prevents cardiolipin peroxidation and reduces mitochondrial oxidative damage.
- Significant improvements in 6-minute walk test and fatigue scores in PMM patients.
cardiovascular
- Reduces cardiac injury markers and improves mitochondrial function in surgical patients.
- Reduces ischemia-reperfusion injury and supports cardiac function.
- Enhanced exercise capacity and reduced fatigue.
antiaging
- Reversed age-related decline in muscle function in animal studies.
- Neuroprotective effects demonstrated in Alzheimer's models.
- Supports overall cellular health through mitochondrial optimization.
Typical Dose
10mg per injection (range 5–40mg)
Frequency
once daily
Cycle Duration
8–12 weeks under medical supervision
Storage
Lyophilized powder: store at -20°C for up to 3 years, protected from light. Reconstituted solution: refrigerate at 2–8°C and use within 28 days; do not refreeze.
No visual available
Due to this peptide having no amino acids, there is no molecular chain to display.
Chemical Makeup
Key benefits
Restores age-related decline in mitochondrial ATP production by stabilizing cardiolipin and respiratory supercomplexes on the inner mitochondrial membrane
Improves skeletal muscle bioenergetics and exercise tolerance in aged subjects by reversing oxidative stress-driven mitochondrial dysfunction
Protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in cardiac and renal tissue by preventing cardiolipin oxidation and cytochrome c release
Attenuates glomerular aging and preserves kidney architecture by reducing mitochondrial oxidative damage in podocytes
Community interest
This peptide is still gaining traction in the community.
Cardiolipin Stabilizer | Mitochondrial Health & Anti-Aging
This overview is informational and based on aggregated descriptions from studies and user reports.
Was it helpful?YesNoSS-31 Molecular Information
View the scientifc details of SS-31.
Molecular Weight
639.79DaChain Length
0Amino AcidsType
PeptideSS-31 Protocols
Subcutaneous injection is the primary delivery route for SS-31 (elamipretide), offering approximately 92% bioavailability with peak plasma levels within 30–60 minutes. Intravenous infusion has been used in acute clinical trial settings for cardiac and mitochondrial conditions; subcutaneous remains the standard for the FDA-approved Barth syndrome indication and ongoing research protocols.
| Goal | Dosage | Frequency | Route |
|---|---|---|---|
| Barth Syndrome — FDA-approved indication (TAZPOWER trial); 40 mg/day SubQ for patients weighing at least 30 kg | 40 | 1 day range | SubQ |
| Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy — phase 2 trial using weight-based IV dosing over 5 consecutive days | 40 | 1 day range | SubQ |
| Mitochondrial support and longevity — low-dose exploratory range used in off-label community protocols | 4 | 1 day range | SubQ |
| Mitochondrial support and longevity — standard research range derived from community protocols and heart failure exploratory data | 10 | 1 day range | SubQ |
| Heart failure and cardiac dysfunction — PROGRESS-HF phase 2 trial dose, 4-week treatment course | 40 | 1 day range | SubQ |
| Kidney disease and renal protection — dose reduction protocol used in patients with severe renal impairment (eGFR <30) in the approved Barth syndrome labeling | 20 | 1 day range | SubQ |
| Acute STEMI cardioprotection — EMBRACE STEMI trial single IV infusion of 0.25 mg/kg before percutaneous coronary intervention; representative flat dose for a 70 kg adult | 17.5 | 1 day range | IV |
Reconstitution Instructions
Materials needed:
Steps to reconstitute
- Gather a lyophilized SS-31 vial, bacteriostatic water, insulin syringe (0.5–1 mL, 29–31 gauge), and alcohol swabs
- Wipe the rubber stopper of both the SS-31 vial and the bacteriostatic water vial with an alcohol swab and allow to dry
- Draw the appropriate volume of bacteriostatic water: 2 mL for a 10 mg vial to yield a 5 mg/mL solution, or 5 mL for a 50 mg vial to yield a 10 mg/mL solution
- Insert the syringe into the SS-31 vial and inject the water slowly down the inner wall — never spray directly onto the powder
- Wait 1–2 minutes without shaking; if powder remains, gently roll the vial between your palms until fully dissolved
- Verify the solution is clear and colorless — discard if cloudy or if visible particles are present
- Label the vial with the reconstitution date and concentration; refrigerate at 2–8°C and use within 28 days — do not freeze once reconstituted
- At injection time, clean the chosen site (abdomen at least 2 inches from the navel, outer thigh, or upper arm) with an alcohol swab and allow to air dry
- Pinch approximately 1 inch of skin and insert the needle at a 45–90 degree angle
- Inject the solution slowly and steadily; wait 5–10 seconds before withdrawing the needle
- Apply gentle pressure with a clean swab — do not massage the injection site
- Rotate injection sites systematically — approximately 80% of trial participants reported local injection-site reactions, making consistent rotation essential
SS-31 Cycle
The SS-31 Cycle section explains how long a typical cycle lasts and what to expect during each phase. Over time, your body can become less responsive with continuous use.
Taking breaks between cycles may help maintain effectiveness and support better overall results.
- Day 1-3
- Subtle energy improvements, reduced fatigue
- Week 1-2
- Better exercise endurance, faster recovery
- Week 2-4
- Improved stamina, clearer thinking, better sleep
- Week 4-8
- Significant exercise capacity improvements
- Week 8-12
- Sustained energy, potential biomarker changes
Dosing tools
SS-31 Peptide Dosage Calculator
Calculate peptide doses with our visual syringe guide.
mg
Enter the total amount of peptide in the vial in milligrams (as stated on the label).
The dose you want to inject per administration, in mcg or mg.
1,000 mcg = 1 mg
1 mL
2 mL
3 mL
5 mL
Custom
Volume of bacteriostatic water you add to reconstitute the powder. Use BAC water for preservation.
Injection Results
Based on your vial and dilution inputs.
SS-31
SINGLE COMPOUNDVolume per injection
0.05
mL
Concentration
10.00
mg/mL
Doses per vial
20
doses
Total injections per vial
20 injections
How it works
Based on a 10 mg SS-31 vial diluted with 1 mL of bacteriostatic water, each 500 mcg injection equals 0.05 mL.
1mL / 100 units
5 units
0.050 mL
Reference Guide
Dosing Cycle
- Peptide
- SS-31
- Dosing
- 10mg per injection (range 5–40mg)
- Dosing Frequency
- once daily
- Cycle Duration
- 8–12 weeks under medical supervision
- Storage
- Lyophilized powder: store at -20°C for up to 3 years, protected from light. Reconstituted solution: refrigerate at 2–8°C and use within 28 days; do not refreeze.
Note: Triple agonist; microdose for fewer side effects
Reconstitution Tips
- Use bacteriostatic water (BAC) — contains 0.9% benzyl alcohol for preservation
- Inject water slowly — aim down the vial wall, not directly onto powder
- Never shake — gently swirl or roll the vial until dissolved
- Store properly — refrigerate at 2-8°C after reconstitution
- Use within 28 days — most reconstituted peptides remain stable for about 4 weeks
- Keep sterile — always clean vial tops with alcohol before drawing
Peptide Interactions
Research suggestions of SS-31 interactions with other common peptides and substances.
Healing
bpc
Longevity
BPC-157
COMPATIBLE
BPC-157 focuses on tissue repair while SS-31 targets cellular energetics.
Longevity
mot
Metabolic
MOTS-c
SYNERGISTIC
Both are mitochondrial peptides with complementary mechanisms.
Longevity
nad
Metabolic
NAD+
SYNERGISTIC
Both support mitochondrial function through different mechanisms.
Healing
thymos
Longevity
Thymosin Beta-4
COMPATIBLE
Both cardioprotective via different pathways.
Side effects
Contraindications
Known hypersensitivity to peptides
Pregnancy or breastfeeding (limited data)
Stop signs
Severe injection site reactions
Allergic reaction signs (rash, breathing difficulty)
Unusual fatigue or weakness (paradoxical reaction)
Cardiovascular symptoms
Severe headaches or vision changes
Bad signs
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Frequently asked questions
What is a peptide dosage calculator?
A peptide dosage calculator is a free tool that converts your vial size, bacteriostatic water volume, and target dose into an exact syringe draw volume. Instead of doing the reconstitution math by hand, you enter three inputs and instantly get the concentration of your solution and how many milliliters or syringeunits to draw. This calculator works for single peptide compounds and multi-peptide blends.
How do I calculate peptide dosage from a vial?
To calculate your peptide dose, divide the total peptide content of your vial in micrograms by the volume of bacteriostatic water you added in milliliters. This gives you your solution concentration in mcg/mL. Then divide your target dose by that concentration to get your draw volume. For example, a 5mg (5,000 mcg) vial reconstituted with 2mL of BAC water gives a concentration of 2,500 mcg/mL. A 250 mcg dose would require drawing 0.1mL. This calculator automates all of those steps instantly.
How much Bacteriostatic water should I add to a peptide vial?
Most people add 2mL to 3mL of bacteriostatic water per vial, but the right amount depends on the dose you want to draw and the syringe size you are using. Adding 1mL to a 5mg vial gives you a concentration of 5,000 mcg/mL, making each dose very small in volume. Adding 2mL gives you 2,500 mcg/mL, which is easier to measure on a standard insulin syringe. A general guideline is to choose a volume that puts your typical dose somewhere between 10 and 30 units on a U-100 syringe. Use the calculator above to test different water volumes and find what works for your dose.
How are peptides different from proteins?
Both are made of amino acids, but peptides are much smaller than proteins. Because of their tiny size, peptides can act like tiny messengers in the body, sending specific signals to your cells to tell them exactly what to do.
SS-31Research References
SS-31 is a phase 3 compound
SS-31
SS-31 is a phase 3 compound
Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy Phase 2 Trial
40mg daily for 12 weeks in 36 patients showed significant improvements in 6-minute walk test and fatigue scores with excellent safety profile.
2018
Cardioprotection in Heart Failure Study
0.25mg/kg/hr infusion during cardiac surgery reduced cardiac injury markers and improved mitochondrial function.
2019
Age-Related Muscle Dysfunction Study
8 weeks in aged mice reversed age-related decline in muscle function, increased ATP production, and reduced oxidative stress.
2020
Barth Syndrome Clinical Trial
Phase 3 trial with 40mg daily for 48 weeks showed trends toward cardiac improvement in this rare mitochondrial disorder.
2021
Calculate peptide dosages
Learning how to calculate a peptide dose? Use our beginner-friendly peptide dosage, blend, and accumulation calculators. Enter vial size, reconstitution volume, and target dose to get exact draw volumes instantly. No guesswork, just clear guidance that helps prevent common mistakes.
